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Although the country currently has two research centres in Antarctica, it relies on a chartered ship for travel to and from those locations.
The Arctic is warming between two and four times faster than the rest of the planet and holds glaciers, forests and carbon-rich frozen soils at risk of irreversible change that could reverberate across the planet.
A year after council members stopped working with Russia following its invasion of Ukraine experts are asking whether the polar body's viability is at risk.
The Hindukush-Himalayan mountainous region, the largest accumulation of ice after the North and the South Poles, is regarded as the Third Pole.
The scientists initially thought they had arrived at Oodaaq, an island discovered by a Danish survey team in 1978.
Sea ice thickness is inferred by measuring the height of the ice above the water, and this measurement is distorted by snow weighing the ice floe down.
Apart from the minerals including copious reserves of oil and gas, the Arctic is also opening new and cheaper shipping routes.
Antarctic waters are protected by stringent regulations even though no cargo moves through the turbulent southern waters. But for the Arctic, the rules have been looser.
Walrus haulouts have traditionally been located on drifting sea ice or on Arctic islands, scientists say.
Observations revealed the nearly complete elimination of ozone in a four-mile-high column of the stratosphere over the South Pole.