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Vettel won the F1 title from 2010-13 with the Red Bull team. His last race victory came with Ferrari in 2019.
The championship, which started in 1950, has had only male drivers on the starting grid since 1976 but has made a push for diversity and inclusion with teams showing support for the LGBTQ community.
Vettel is something of an Australian Grand Prix specialist, having won the race three times.
Nico Hulkenberg will replace the four-time world champion.
Aston Martin are the third team to kick-off their season with a launch but their car is believed to be the closest so far to being the finished product.
Vettel had finished second in the August 1 race but Hamilton took the position after the German was ruled out for not having the required amount of fuel left in his car for samples to be taken.
The disqualification meant Mercedes' seven-time world champion Hamilton inherited the position and gained two extra points in his battle with Red Bull rival Max Verstappen
Vettel was runner-up, 17.1 seconds behind, and surviving a late collision with Hamilton's team mate Valtteri Bottas.
Hamilton's Finnish team mate Valtteri Bottas will start alongside on the front row.
An emotional Lewis Hamilton put Mercedes on pole position for his home British Grand Prix after giving his all to stay ahead of Ferrari's Formula One championship leader Sebastian Vettel.
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