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Rohit Sharma (0) and K L Rahul (33) were in the middle at close of play.
Australia ended day one at 86/1, trailing the visitors by 94 runs.
India and Australia will play the second Test of the five-match series in Adelaide.
The skipper had missed the series opener due to the birth of his second child.
Pacer Jasprit Bumrah said he was not concerned about the poor form of star batter Virat Kohli.
Rohit has scored 4,270 runs in Test cricket at an average of 42.27, but his recent form has come under the microscope.
India's batters must now prepare for the switch from the turning tracks on home soil to the pace and bounce of Australian pitches, with the opening Test in Perth looming on November 22.
The India skipper was crestfallen after the humiliating 0-3 home series loss to New Zealand
The two Indian superstars have averaged under 20 in the home series against New Zealand.
Kohli, widely considered one of the batting greats of the modern game, has managed just two centuries in the last five years and only two fifties in his last 12 innings in the longest format.
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