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Brazil are five points behind Argentina in the South American qualifiers.
The victory lifted Brazil to fourth in the standings with 13 points.
Martinez will miss Argentina's next South American qualifiers for the 2026 World Cup against Venezuela and Bolivia in October.
It was sweet revenge for Colombia, who were beaten 1-0 by Argentina in Copa America final in Miami in July.
The Copa America champions looked dominant and untroubled by the absence of talismans Lionel Messi and Angel Di Maria, who received a tribute at the Monumental stadium after his international retirement.
According to him, the decision was made at a meeting with Claudio Tapia, president of the Argentine Football Association, held at the Spanish capital of Madrid.
Lucas Martinez gave Argentina the lead in the 22nd minute.
The decision ruling out the goal was delivered about two hours after play was suspended when the teams re-emerged on to the pitch to finish the match in an empty stadium.
Venezuela, who reached the Copa America quarterfinals, were the most improved side in the rankings, rising 17 places to 37th.
After Argentina's Copa America title win, a video of their celebrations in a team bus shared by Enzo Fernandez on Instagram went viral, with players heard making fun of the French players' African origin.
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