Understanding menstrual health: Key phases and common problems

Menstrual health is an essential aspect of women's overall well-being, yet many misconceptions persist on this matter. The menstrual cycle is a natural process that prepares the female body for pregnancy. Typically, menstruation occurs every 28 days, but the cycle can vary from 21 to 35 days. The menstrual cycle can be divided into four phases.
Menstrual phase
This phase involves the shedding of the uterine lining, causing bleeding during menstruation. It lasts between three to seven days.
Follicular phase
This is the stage after menstruation when the body prepares for ovulation. The pituitary gland secretes the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulates the growth of a cluster of spherical follicles in the ovary.

Ovulation
Around the 14th day of the 28-day cycle, a mature egg is released from the ovary, creating the opportunity for fertilization.
Luteal phase
If fertilization does not occur, hormone levels decrease, causing the uterine lining to shed, thus beginning the next menstrual cycle.
Common menstrual problems
Many women experience menstrual issues that should be identified and treated early. Below are some of the common menstrual problems.

Dysmenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstruation, which can affect a woman's daily life. Sometimes, the pain may be due to conditions like fibroids or endometriosis.
Amenorrhea
Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation. It may occur if menstruation has not started or if periods stop after they have begun. This condition can be caused by hormonal imbalances, stress, weight fluctuations, or certain health issues.
Menorrhagia
Menorrhagia involves excessive menstrual bleeding, which can lead to anaemia and fatigue. Treatment should be sought to determine if it is caused by hormonal imbalances or uterine problems.

Pre-Menstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Pre-menstrual Syndrome (PMS) involves physical discomfort and emotional symptoms before menstruation. A more severe form, Premenstrual Dysphoric Syndrome (PMD), can significantly affect daily life and requires medical attention. Seeking care from a gynaecologist is essential for maintaining menstrual health. Regular check-ups can help detect diseases early and promote overall well-being.
Counselling
Gynaecologists can provide guidance on the menstrual cycle and reproductive health. This can help teenagers and young women understand their bodies and recognize changes that are taking place.
Diagnosis and treatment
For women with menstrual issues, diagnostic tests can determine the underlying causes. Treatment may involve medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

Preventing diseases
Regular examinations can help prevent menstrual problems. Screening for conditions like cervical cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, and other reproductive health issues can detect problems early, improving menstrual health. This way, diseases can be detected early and treated. Hygiene plays a vital role in maintaining women’s health. Follow habits that promote health and consult a gynaecologist.This will help women to lead a healthy life.